MEMORY, THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE
Written by:
ISNAINI NURHIDAYATI
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
LETTER AND CULTURE FACULTY
GORONTALO STATE UNIVERSITY
2011
PREFACE
We said thanks to God that gives the opportunity for us to finish this paper. It is arranged to assignment of psycholinguistic subject. It contains about memory, thought and language. We will explain about where memory save is, the kinds of memory, using of memory, memory and memorization, and universal vs. relativity.
This paper also purposes to give information about psycholinguistic to English student in another class. We hope that it is useful for the student in English department. We know that nothing is perfect so we need a good criticism to improve this paper.
Gorontalo,
September, 27th 2011
Writer
CONTENTS
COVER
PREFACE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Basic Consideration
B. Problem Statement
C. Purposes
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL BASES
A. A Glance About Memory
B. Where Memory Save Is
C. The kinds of Memory
D. Formation and Application of Memory
E. Memory and Memorization
F. Proposisi in the Memory
G. Thought and Language
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
B. Suggestion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Basic Consideration
Every human have a brain. Brain consists of many parts. One of an important part of brain is memory. Some part in the brain work together as memory place. So, we can say that memory, thought and language are parts of human. Every people use language to think and they need memory to save their thought. So, memory, thought and language have a great relationship.
B. Problem Statement
· What is memory?
· Where is memory save?
· What are the kinds of memory?
· How are the formation and application of memory?
· What are memory and memorization?
· How are the proposisi in the memory?
· What are thought and language?
C. Purposes
· To know a glance of memory
· To know where memory save is
· To know the kinds of memory
· To know the formation and application of memory
· To know memory and memorization
· To know the proposisi in the memory
· To know about thought and language
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BASES
A. A Glance About Memory
Memory is integral part of human’s existence. The study about memory were did by philosopher in the end of 19 century. In the middle of 19 century, many philosophical pay attention in behavior and mind. Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) is psychology from German that bring the memory study to the laboratory and he study it in objective and quantitative. He finds that there are two kinds of memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. He also tell that repeating make the memory more long. Willian James in 1980 make a difference between short-term memory and long-term memory. In 20 century, psychology from Rusia named Ivan Pavlov submits his theory “classical conditioning”. In the other hand, Edward Thorndike from America submits operant, or experimental, conditioning that known as trial- and eror learning.
B. Where memory save is
Many expert have different opinion about where the memory save is. Someone that know as the pioner of memory place is Karl Lashley (1980-1958), he is psychology in Hardvard university. He take mouse to be his object in research and he find that memory is not in one plce of brain. Many part of brain mixed up as memory place. Donald O. Hebb from McGill university find that every parts in the brain have each functions and work together in perfect memory saving.
Wilder Penfield showed that temporal lobe is the place to save memory. Specially in hippocampus area. Hippocampus is a part of lobe temporal.
Other expert also said that memory is not in one place of brain. Tulving and Lepage (2000) use PET to show that memory is not in one specific place of brain. The new discovery that interesting of Kapur (1996) and Cabeza (1997) is the memory saving and retrival memory are not in same place. They find that the memory saving was did by left hemisfer, especillay in korteks prefrontal, korteks cingulated anterior, and girus parahippocampal. In the other hand, retrival memory was did by right memory in the same parts. This pattern was called HERA Hesmipheric Enconding/ Retrival Asymmetry.
C. The Kinds of Memory
Memory is not one kind. Penfield and Roberts (1959: 228-230) said there are experience memory, conceptual memory and word memory. Experience memory is memory that has relationship with everything in the past. If the experience is in a long time, the memory will save it in a long time too.conceptual memory is memory that used to make a concept depend in the reality. Word memory is memory that relevancy concept with sound or voice of the concept.
In the other hand, some expert also devide memory into two parts “nondeclarative” and “declarative” (Squire and Kandel 1999).the nature of nondeclarative memory is instingtif of the experience and was formed in behavior alteration, is not recollection of the event in the past. Declarative memory is memory of event, reality, word, face, music and everything of event that we got in our live. This memory is gotten by the factor like intensity, relevancy, signification and regularity.
Everything that happens in our live will saved by memory passes through recording of our understanding about that. After that, it will use when it was need. We can see this draft to imagine that:
| Input |
| Output |
| Saving |
| Recall |
| Recognition |
E. Memory and Memorization
Memorization is also memory, but its process is different. Memory is can form without the special effort to get it. Everyone will save everything that they often do or regularity.
F. Proposisi in the Memory
George Miller (1962) have the theory that was called Theory of Derivational Complexity (TDC). In his opinion, the total of derivation influences the understanding of the meaning of sentence.
G. Thought and Language
Philosopher Mueller (1887) think that language and thought can’t separate. In the other hand, Sir Francis galton oppose with this opinion. Piaget thinks that there are two kinds of thought modus: directed or intelligent and autistic.
In the past century, we know that there were two parts of language system: universal and relativity. Every language have same characteristic. The characteristic is called universal language. In the other hand, language also have special characteristic because language is not only used as media of thought, but it is also used to pattern of human thought. The pattern of human thought is influenced by culture, environment or technology.
Boas give three opinions in relativity linguistics:
- Language classified an experience
- The different language classified the different experiences
- The phenomenon of linguistics is no standard in generally.
In generally, complex thought explain in complex sentence. Complex meaning appear in the sentence because the sentence has many proporsisi. The proporsisi can be dependent sentence or independent sentence. The sentence can be long if the end of the sentence is nomina. Complex meaning can appear in the other form. One of the factors is situation or condition. Depend on psycholingistics, it devide in two: unmarked (netral) and marked (tak netral).
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
From the theoretical bases, we can conclude that some of brain work together to save memory. The kinds of memory is long-term memory and short-term memory. The formation and application of memory begin when everything that happens in our live will saved by memory passes through recording of our understanding about that. After that, it will use when it was need. Memorization is formed by regularity. And the important idea is in the memory, language can influence thought.
B. Suggestion
This paper is not perfect, but the writer hopes that this paper can useful for every student that learn about psycholinguistic, especially about memory, thought and language.
REFERENCES
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